(a) The Attorney General shall appoint one United States trustee for each of the following regions composed of Federal judicial districts (without regard to section 451):
(1) The judicial districts established for the States of Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island.
(2) The judicial districts established for the States of Connecticut, New York, and Vermont.
(3) The judicial districts established for the States of Delaware, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
(4) The judicial districts established for the States of Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia and for the District of Columbia.
(5) The judicial districts established for the States of Louisiana and Mississippi.
(6) The Northern District of Texas and the Eastern District of Texas.
(7) The Southern District of Texas and the Western District of Texas.
(8) The judicial districts established for the States of Kentucky and Tennessee.
(9) The judicial districts established for the States of Michigan and Ohio.
(10) The Central District of Illinois and the Southern District of Illinois; and the judicial districts established for the State of Indiana.
(11) The Northern District of Illinois; and the judicial districts established for the State of Wisconsin.
(12) The judicial districts established for the States of Minnesota, Iowa, North Dakota, and South Dakota.
(13) The judicial districts established for the States of Arkansas, Nebraska, and Missouri.
(14) The District of Arizona.
(15) The Southern District of California; and the judicial districts established for the State of Hawaii, and for Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
(16) The Central District of California.
(17) The Eastern District of California and the Northern District of California; and the judicial district established for the State of Nevada.
(18) The judicial districts established for the States of Alaska, Idaho (exclusive of Yellowstone National Park), Montana (exclusive of Yellowstone National Park), Oregon, and Washington.
(19) The judicial districts established for the States of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming (including those portions of Yellowstone National Park situated in the States of Montana and Idaho).
(20) The judicial districts established for the States of Kansas, New Mexico, and Oklahoma.
(21) The judicial districts established for the States of Alabama, Florida, and Georgia and for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands of the United States.
(b) Each United States trustee shall be appointed for a term of five years. On the expiration of his term, a United States trustee shall continue to perform the duties of his office until his successor is appointed and qualifies.
(c) Each United States trustee is subject to removal by the Attorney General.
(Added
Section 408(c) of
1986-Subsec. (a).
"(1) District of Maine, District of New Hampshire, District of Massachusetts, and District of Rhode Island.
"(2) Southern District of New York.
"(3) District of Delaware and District of New Jersey.
"(4) Eastern District of Virginia and District of District of Columbia.
"(5) Northern District of Alabama.
"(6) Northern District of Texas.
"(7) Northern District of Illinois.
"(8) District of Minnesota, District of North Dakota, District of South Dakota.
"(9) Central District of California.
"(10) District of Colorado and District of Kansas."
Subsec. (b).
Subsec. (c).
"(a)
"(b)
"(1) 2 years after the expiration date of such term of office under such section, as so in effect, or
"(2) 4 years after the date of the enactment of this Act,
whichever occurs first.
"(a)
"(b)
"(c)
"(2) Section 1202 of title 11 of the United States Code (as added by the amendment made by section 255 of this Act) shall take effect on the effective date of this Act and before the amendment made by section 227 of this Act [amending section 1202 of this title].
"(3) Until the amendments made by subtitle A of title II of this Act [§§201 to 231 of
"(A)(i) any reference in section 326(b) of title 11 of the United States Code to chapter 13 of title 11 of the United States Code shall be deemed to be a reference to chapter 12 or chapter 13 of title 11 of the United States Code,
"(ii) any reference in such section 326(b) to section 1302(d) of title 11 of the United States Code shall be deemed to be a reference to section 1302(d) of title 11 of the United States Code or section 586(b) of title 28 of the United States Code, and
"(iii) any reference in such section 326(b) to section 1302(a) of title 11 of the United States Code shall be deemed to be a reference to section 1202(a) or section 1302(a) of title 11 of the United States Code, and
"(B)(i) the first two references in section 1202(a) of title 11 of the United States Code (as added by the amendment made by section 255 of this Act) to the United States trustee shall be deemed to be a reference to the court, and
"(ii) any reference in such section 1202(a) to section 586(b) of title 28 of the United States Code shall be deemed to be a reference to section 1202(c) of title 11 of the United States Code (as so added).
"(d)
"(1)
"(i) become effective in or with respect to a judicial district specified in subparagraph (B) until, or
"(ii) apply to cases while pending in such district before,
the expiration of the 270-day period beginning on the effective date of this Act or of the 30-day period beginning on the date the Attorney General certifies under section 303 of this Act the region specified in a paragraph of section 581(a) of title 28, United States Code, as amended by section 111(a) of this Act, that includes such district, whichever occurs first.
"(B) Subparagraph (A) applies to the following:
"(i) The judicial district established for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
"(ii) The District of Connecticut.
"(iii) The judicial districts established for the State of New York (other than the Southern District of New York).
"(iv) The District of Vermont.
"(v) The judicial districts established for the State of Pennsylvania.
"(vi) The judicial district established for the Virgin Islands of the United States.
"(vii) The District of Maryland.
"(viii) The judicial districts established for the State of North Carolina.
"(ix) The District of South Carolina.
"(x) The judicial districts established for the State of West Virginia.
"(xi) The Western District of Virginia.
"(xii) The Eastern District of Texas.
"(xiii) The judicial districts established for the State of Wisconsin.
"(xiv) The judicial districts established for the State of Iowa.
"(xv) The judicial districts established for the State of New Mexico.
"(xvi) The judicial districts established for the State of Oklahoma.
"(xvii) The District of Utah.
"(xviii) The District of Wyoming (including those portions of Yellowstone National Park situated in the States of Montana and Idaho).
"(xix) The judicial districts established for the State of Alabama.
"(xx) The judicial districts established for the State of Florida.
"(xxi) The judicial districts established for the State of Georgia.
"(2)
"(i) become effective in or with respect to a judicial district specified in subparagraph (B) until, or
"(ii) apply to cases while pending in such district before,
the expiration of the 2-year period beginning on the effective date of this Act or of the 30-day period beginning on the date the Attorney General certifies under section 303 of this Act the region specified in a paragraph of section 581(a) of title 28, United States Code, as amended by section 111(a) of this Act, that includes such district, whichever occurs first.
"(B) Subparagraph (A) applies to the following:
"(i) The judicial districts established for the State of Louisiana.
"(ii) The judicial districts established for the State of Mississippi.
"(iii) The Southern District of Texas and the Western District of Texas.
"(iv) The judicial districts established for the State of Kentucky.
"(v) The judicial districts established for the State of Tennessee.
"(vi) The judicial districts established for the State of Michigan.
"(vii) The judicial districts established for the State of Ohio.
"(viii) The judicial districts established for the State of Illinois (other than the Northern District of Illinois).
"(ix) The judicial districts established for the State of Indiana.
"(x) The judicial districts established for the State of Arkansas.
"(xi) The judicial districts established for the State of Nebraska.
"(xii) The judicial districts established for the State of Missouri.
"(xiii) The District of Arizona.
"(xiv) The District of Hawaii.
"(xv) The judicial district established for Guam.
"(xvi) The judicial district established for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.
"(xvii) The judicial districts established for the State of California (other than the Central District of California).
"(xviii) The District of Nevada.
"(xix) The District of Alaska.
"(xx) The District of Idaho.
"(xxi) The District of Montana.
"(xxii) The District of Oregon.
"(xxiii) The judicial districts established for the State of Washington.
"(3)
"(i) become effective in or with respect to a judicial district specified in subparagraph (E) until, or
"(ii) apply to cases while pending in such district before,
such district elects to be included in a bankruptcy region established in section 581(a) of title 28, United States Code, as amended by section 111(a) of this Act, except that the amendment to section 105(a) of title 11, United States Code, shall become effective as of the date of the enactment of the Federal Courts Study Committee Implementation Act of 1990 [Dec. 1, 1990].
"(B) Any election under subparagraph (A) shall be made upon a majority vote of the chief judge of such district and each bankruptcy judge in such judicial district in favor of such election.
"(C) Notice that an election has been made under subparagraph (A) shall be given, not later than 10 days after such election, to the Attorney General and the appropriate Federal Circuit Court of Appeals for such district.
"(D) Any election made under subparagraph (A) shall become effective on the date the amendments made by subtitle A of title II of this Act become effective in the region that includes such district or 30 days after the Attorney General receives the notice required under subparagraph (C), whichever occurs later.
"(E) Subparagraph (A) applies to the following:
"(i) The judicial districts established for the State of Alabama.
"(ii) The judicial districts established for the State of North Carolina.
"(F)(i) Subject to clause (ii), with respect to cases under chapters 7, 11, 12, and 13 of title 11, United States Code-
"(I) commenced before the effective date of this Act, and
"(II) pending in a judicial district in the State of Alabama or the State of North Carolina before any election made under subparagraph (A) by such district becomes effective,
the amendments made by section 113 [amending section 586 of this title] and subtitle A of title II of this Act, and section 1930(a)(6) of title 28 of the United States Code (as added by section 117(4) of this Act), shall not apply until the expiration of the 1-year period beginning on the date such election becomes effective.
"(ii) For purposes of clause (i), the amendments made by section 113 and subtitle A of title II of this Act, and section 1930(a)(6) of title 28 of the United States Code (as added by section 117(4) of this Act), shall not apply with respect to a case under chapter 7, 11, 12, or 13 of title 11, United States Code, if-
"(I) the trustee in the case files the final report and account of administration of the estate, required under section 704 of such title, or
"(II) a plan is confirmed under section 1129, 1225, or 1325 of such title,
before the expiration of the 1-year period beginning on the date such election becomes effective.
"(G) Notwithstanding section 589a of title 28, United States Code, as added by section 115 of this Act, funds collected as a result of the amendments made by section 117 of this Act [amending section 1930 of this title] in a judicial district in the State of Alabama or the State of North Carolina under section 1930(a) of title 28, United States Code, before the date the amendments made by subtitle A of title II of this Act take effect in such district shall be deposited in the general receipts of the Treasury.
"(H) The repeal made by section 231 of this Act [repealing chapter 15 of title 11] shall not apply in or with respect to the Northern District of Alabama until March 1, 1987, or the effective date of any election made under subparagraph (A) by such district, whichever occurs first.
"(I) In any judicial district in the State of Alabama or the State of North Carolina that has not made the election described in subparagraph (A), any person who is appointed under regulations issued by the Judicial Conference of the United States to administer estates in cases under title 11 of the United States Code may-
"(i) establish, maintain, and supervise a panel of private trustees that are eligible and available to serve as trustees in cases under title 11, United States Code, and
"(ii) supervise the administration of cases and trustees in cases under chapters 7, 11, 12, and 13 of title 11, United States Code,
until the amendments made by subtitle A of title II take effect in such district.
"(e)
"(1)
"(A) commenced before the effective date of this Act, and
"(B) pending in a judicial district referred to in section 581(a) of title 28, United States Code, as amended by section 111(a) of this Act, for which a United States trustee is not authorized before the effective date of this Act to be appointed,
the amendments made by section 113 [amending section 586 of this title] and subtitle A of title II of this Act [§§201 to 231 of
"(2)
"(A) the trustee in the case files the final report and account of administration of the estate, required under section 704 of such title, or
"(B) a plan is confirmed under section 1129, 1225, or 1325 of such title,
before the expiration of the 3-year period, or the expiration of the 1-year period, specified in paragraph (1), whichever occurs first.
"(3)
"(a)
"(b)
"(1) transmit a copy of such certification to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and to the President pro tempore of the Senate, and
"(2) publish such certification in the Federal Register.
"(a)
"(1) use-
"(A) the services, equipment, personnel, records, reports, and data compilations, in any form, of the courts of the United States, and
"(B) the facilities of such courts, and
"(2) cooperate in the use by the courts of the United States of-
"(A) the services, equipment, personnel, records, reports, and data compilations, in any form, of United States trustees, and
"(B) the facilities of such trustees,
to prevent duplication during the 2-year period beginning on the effective date of this Act.
"(b)
"(1) cases and proceedings under title 11 of the United States Code, and
"(2) the duties of United States trustees under titles 11 and 28 of the United States Code.
"(a)
"(b)
"For service as a United States trustee in the period beginning on the effective date of this Act and ending on the expiration under section 301 of this Act of their respective terms of office, the salary payable to United States trustees serving in such offices on the effective date of this Act shall be fixed in accordance with section 587 of title 28, United States Code, as amended by section 114(a) of this Act.
"(a)
"(b)
"(a)
"(b)
"It is the sense of the Congress that individuals otherwise qualified who are serving, before the effective date of this Act, as estate administrators under title 11 of the United States Code should be considered by the Attorney General for appointment under sections 581 and 582 of title 28, United States Code, to new positions of United States trustee and assistant United States trustee resulting from the amendments made by this Act [see Short Title of 1986 Amendment note below].
"(a)
"(1) on the basis of competitive bids submitted by qualified nongovernmental entities that are able to design an automated joint information system for use by the United States courts and by United States trustees, and
"(2) in accordance with the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 [see chapters 1 to 11 of Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works, and division C (except sections 3302, 3307(e), 3501(b), 3509, 3906, 4710, and 4711) of subtitle I of Title 41, Public Contracts], the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act [see division B (except sections 1123, 2303, 2304, and 2313) of subtitle I of Title 41], and title 31 of the United States Code.
"(b)
"(c)
"(1) the expiration of the 2-year period beginning on the date the electronic case management system begins to operate in all of the judicial districts participating in such project, or
"(2) legislation is enacted to extend, expand, modify, or terminate the operation of such project,
whichever occurs first.
"(d)
"(1) maintaining a complete electronic case file of all relevant information contained in petitions and schedules (and any amendments thereto) relating to debtors in cases under title 11 of the United States Code, including-
"(A) a complete list of creditors in each such case, as listed by the debtor,
"(B) a complete list of assets scheduled by the debtor, the value of such asset, and any action taken by the trustee or debtor in possession with regard to such asset during the pendency of such case,
"(C) a complete list of debts and, with respect to each debt-
"(i) any priority of such debt under title 11 of the United States Code,
"(ii) whether such debt is secured or unsecured, and
"(iii) whether such debt is contingent or noncontingent, and
"(D) the debtor's statements of current expenses and income, and
"(2) maintaining all calendars and dockets and producing all notices required to be sent in cases under title 11 of the United States Code.
"(e)
"(1) complete electronic case files which contain, in addition to the information listed in subsection (d), records of case openings, case closings, hearings, and the filing of all motions, trustee appointments, pleadings, and responses, as well as a record of the responses by the United States trustee to those motions, trustee appointments, and pleadings,
"(2) a means to generate standardized forms for motions, appointments, pleadings, and responses,
"(3) a means to generate standard management reports and letters on an exception basis,
"(4) a means to maintain accounting records, reports, and information required to be maintained by debtors in possession and trustees in cases under title 11 of the United States Code,
"(5) a means to calculate and record distribution to creditors, final applications and orders for distribution, and final case closing reports, and
"(6) a means to monitor the payment of filing and other required fees.
"(f)
"(1) The Congress.
"(2) The Executive Office for the United States Trustees.
"(3) The Administrative Office of the United States Courts.
"(4) The clerks of the courts in judicial districts in which such system is operated and persons who review case information, in accordance with section 107(a) of title 11, United States Code, in the offices of the clerks.
"(5) The judges on the bankruptcy and district courts in districts in which such system is operated.
"(6) Trustees in cases pending in districts in which such system is operated.
"(g)
"(2) Access to information maintained in electronic case files pursuant to the demonstration project may be provided to persons other than those specified in subsection (f), but such access shall be limited to viewing such information only. A reasonable charge for such access may be collected by the entity which is awarded a contract under this section, in accordance with the guidelines established by the Director of the Executive Office for the United States Trustees in such contract. A reasonable portion of any charge so collected may be required by the Director to be remitted to the Executive Office for United States Trustees and deposited in the United States Trustee System Fund established in section 589a of title 28, United States Code.
"(h)
"At the end of one calendar year following the date the amendments made by subtitle A of title II of this Act [§§201 to 231 of
Chapter effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 402(c) of
"(1) the number and types of criminal referrals made by the United States Trustee Program;
"(2) the outcomes of each criminal referral;
"(3) for any year in which the number of criminal referrals is less than for the prior year, an explanation of the decrease; and
"(4) the United States Trustee Program's efforts to prevent bankruptcy fraud and abuse, particularly with respect to the establishment of uniform internal controls to detect common, higher risk frauds, such as a debtor's failure to disclose all assets."