Transfers fraudulent as to present and future creditors

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  • (a) A transfer made or obligation incurred by a debtor is fraudulent as to a creditor, whether the creditor's claim arose before or after the transfer was made or the obligation was incurred, if the debtor made the transfer or incurred the obligation:

    • (1) with actual intent to hinder, delay, or defraud any creditor of the debtor; or

    • (2) without receiving a reasonably equivalent value in exchange for the transfer or obligation, and the debtor:

      • (A) was engaged or was about to engage in a business or a transaction for which the remaining assets of the debtor were unreasonably small in relation to the business or transaction; or

      • (B) intended to incur, or believed or reasonably should have believed that he would incur, debts beyond his ability to pay as they became due.

  • (b) In determining actual intent under subsection (a)(1), consideration may be given, among other factors, to whether:

    • (1) the transfer or obligation was to an insider;

    • (2) the debtor retained possession or control of the property transferred after the transfer;

    • (3) the transfer or obligation was disclosed or concealed;

    • (4) before the transfer was made or obligation was incurred, the debtor had been sued or threatened with suit;

    • (5) the transfer was of substantially all the debtor's assets;

    • (6) the debtor absconded;

    • (7) the debtor removed or concealed assets;

    • (8) the value of the consideration received by the debtor was reasonably equivalent to the value of the asset transferred or the amount of the obligation incurred;

    • (9) the debtor was insolvent or became insolvent shortly after the transfer was made or the obligation was incurred;

    • (10) the transfer occurred shortly before or shortly after a substantial debt was incurred; and

    • (11) the debtor transferred the essential assets of the business to a lien or who transferred the assets to an insider of the debtor.


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