A. A violation by a trustee of a duty the trustee owes a beneficiary is a breach of trust.
B. To remedy a breach of trust that has occurred or may occur, the court may:
1. Compel the trustee to perform the trustee’s duties;
2. Enjoin the trustee from committing a breach of trust;
3. Compel the trustee to redress a breach of trust by payment of money or otherwise;
4. Order a trustee to account;
5. Appoint a receiver or temporary trustee to take possession of the trust property and administer the trust;
6. Suspend or remove the trustee;
7. Reduce or deny compensation to the trustee;
8. Subject to subsection I of this section, void an act of the trustee, impose an equitable lien or a constructive trust on trust property, or trace trust property wrongfully disposed of and recover the property or its proceeds; or
9. Grant any other appropriate remedy.
C. A beneficiary may charge a trustee who commits a breach of trust with the amount required to restore the value of the trust property and trust distributions to what they would have been had the breach not occurred, or, if greater, the profit that the trustee made by reason of the breach.
D. In a judicial proceeding involving a trust, the court may in its discretion, as justice and equity may require, award costs and expenses, including reasonable attorney's fees, to any party, to be paid by another party or from the trust which is the subject of the controversy.
E. 1. Unless previously barred by adjudication, consent, or other limitation, a claim against a trustee for breach of trust is barred as to a beneficiary who has received from the trustee a report or other statement adequately disclosing the existence of the claim unless:
A report or statement adequately discloses the existence of a claim if it provides sufficient information so that the beneficiary knows of the claim or reasonably should have inquired into its existence. A claim this barred does not include an action to recover for fraud or misrepresentation related to the report or other statement.
2. For the purpose of paragraph 1 of this subsection, a beneficiary is deemed to have received a report or other statement:
3. Except as otherwise provided by the terms of a trust, while the trust is revocable and the settlor has capacity to revoke, the rights of the beneficiaries are held by, and the duties of the trustee are owed exclusively to the settlor; the rights to be held by and owed to the beneficiaries arise only upon the settlor’s death or incapacity. The trustee may follow a written direction of the settlor, even if contrary to the terms of the trust. The holder of a presently exercisable power of withdrawal or a testamentary general power of appointment has the rights of a settlor of a revocable trust under this section to the extent of the property subject to the power.
F. 1. A term of the trust relieving a trustee of liability for breach of trust is unenforceable to the extent that it:
2. An exculpatory term drafted by or on behalf of the trustee is presumed to have been inserted as a result of an abuse of a fiduciary or confidential relationship unless the trustee proves that the exculpatory term is fair under the circumstances and that its existence and contents were adequately communicated to the settlor.
G. A beneficiary may not hold a trustee liable for a breach of trust if the beneficiary, while having capacity, consented to the conduct constituting the breach, released the trustee from liability for the breach, or ratified the transaction constituting the breach, unless:
1. The beneficiary at the time of the consent, release, or ratification did not know of the beneficiary’s rights and of the material facts that the trustee knew, or with the exercise of reasonable inquiry, the beneficiary should have known, and that the trustee did not reasonably believe that the beneficiary knew; or
2. The consent, release, or ratification of the beneficiary was induced by improper conduct of the trustee.
H. 1. Except as otherwise agreed, a trustee is not personally liable on a contract properly entered into in the trustee’s fiduciary capacity in the course of administration of the trust if the trustee in the contract discloses the fiduciary capacity.
2. A trustee is personally liable for obligations arising from ownership or control of trust property, or for torts committed in the course of administering a trust, only if the trustee is personally at fault, whether negligently or intentionally.
3. A trustee who does not join in exercising a power held by three or more trustees is not liable to third persons for the consequences of the exercise of the power. A dissenting trustee who joins in an action at the direction of the majority cotrustees is not liable to third persons for the action if the dissenting trustee expressed the dissent in writing to any other cotrustee at or before the time the action was taken.
4. A claim based on a contract entered into by a trustee in the trustee’s fiduciary capacity, on an obligation arising from ownership or control of trust property, or on a tort committed in the course of administering a trust, may be asserted against the trust in a judicial proceeding against the trustee in the trustee’s fiduciary capacity, whether or not the trustee is personally liable on the claim.
I. 1. A person who in good faith assists a trustee or who in good faith and for value deals with a trustee without knowledge that the trustee is exceeding or improperly exercising the trustee’s powers is protected from liability as if the trustee properly exercised the power.
2. Dealing in good faith with another person with knowledge that the other person is a trustee does not place a third person on notice to inquire into the extent of the trustee's powers or the propriety of their exercise.
3. A person who in good faith deals with another person with knowledge that the other person is a trustee is not solely on that account placed on notice to inquire into the extent of the trustee’s powers or the propriety of their exercise or to see to the proper application of assets of the trust paid or delivered to a trustee.
4. A person who in good faith assists a former trustee or who for value and in good faith deals with a former trustee without knowledge that the person is no longer a trustee is protected from liability as if the former trustee were still a trustee.
5. The protection provided by this section to persons assisting or dealing with a trustee is secondary to that provided under comparable provisions of other laws relating to commercial transactions or to the transfer of securities by fiduciaries.
Added by Laws 1999, c. 419, § 1, emerg. eff. June 10, 1999.