The athletic trainer functioning in the nonclinical and clinical setting may, under the direction of a physician, nurse practitioner or physician assistant, evaluate, treat and provide appropriate immediate care and treatment to injuries incurred by an athlete during participation in or training for scholastic, recreational, professional or sanctioned amateur athletic activities. Evaluation and treatment by an athletic trainer in the nonclinical setting to supportive staff, spectators and other persons other than an athlete shall be limited to immediate care and treatment. An athletic trainer functioning in a clinical setting may evaluate and provide treatment for an athletic injury under the direction or referral of a licensed physician, nurse practitioner or physician assistant. An athletic trainer functioning in the nonclinical and clinical setting may use therapeutic exercise and modalities such as heat, cold, light, air, massage, water, sound and electricity for the treatment of musculoskeletal injuries and the use of passive (manual and mechanical) techniques for the purpose of treatment.