(1) Legislative declaration. (a) The general assembly hereby finds that:
The economic lives of spouses are frequently closely intertwined in marriage and thatit is often impossible to later segregate the respective decisions and contributions of the spouses; and
Consequently, awarding spousal maintenance may be appropriate if a spouse needssupport and the other spouse has the ability to pay support.
(b) The general assembly further finds that:
Because the statutes provide little guidance to the court concerning maintenance awards, there has been inconsistency in the amount and term of maintenance awarded in different judicial districts across the state in cases that involve similar factual circumstances; and
Courts and litigants would benefit from the establishment of a more detailed statutory framework that includes advisory guidelines to be considered as a starting point for the determination of fair and equitable maintenance awards.
(c) Therefore, the general assembly declares that it is appropriate to create a statutory framework for the determination of maintenance awards, including advisory guidelines for the amount and term of maintenance in certain cases, that will assist the court and the parties in crafting maintenance awards that are fair, equitable, and more consistent across judicial districts and in their application to both parties.
At the time of permanent orders in dissolution of marriage, legal separation, or declaration of invalidity proceedings, and upon the request of either party, the court may order the payment of maintenance from one spouse to the other pursuant to the provisions of this section. An award of maintenance shall be in an amount and for a term that is fair and equitable to both parties and shall be made without regard to marital misconduct.
(a) (I) Determination of maintenance. When a party has requested maintenance in a dissolution of marriage, legal separation, or declaration of invalidity proceeding, prior to granting or denying an award of maintenance, the court shall make initial written or oral findings concerning:
The amount of each party's gross income;
The marital property apportioned to each party;
The financial resources of each party, including but not limited to the actual or potential income from separate or marital property;
Reasonable financial need as established during the marriage; and
Whether maintenance awarded pursuant to this section would be deductible for federal income tax purposes by the payor and taxable income to the recipient.
(II) After making the initial findings described in subparagraph (I) of this paragraph (a), the court shall determine the amount and term of the maintenance award, if any, that is fair and equitable to both parties after considering:
The guideline amount and term of maintenance set forth in paragraph (b) of thissubsection (3), if applicable, based upon the duration of the marriage and the combined gross incomes of the parties;
The factors relating to the amount and term of maintenance set forth in paragraph (c) of this subsection (3); and
Whether the party seeking maintenance has met the requirement for a maintenanceaward pursuant to paragraph (d) of this subsection (3).
(b) Advisory guideline amount and term of maintenance. If the duration of the parties' marriage is at least three years and the parties' combined annual adjusted gross income does not exceed two hundred forty thousand dollars, the court shall make additional oral or written findings concerning the duration of the marriage in whole months and the advisory guideline amount and term of maintenance, calculated as follows:
(I) (A) If the maintenance award is deductible for federal income tax purposes by the payor and taxable income to the recipient, the amount of maintenance under the advisory guidelines is equal to forty percent of the parties' combined monthly adjusted gross income minus the lower income party's monthly adjusted gross income. If the calculation results in a negative number, the amount of maintenance is zero.
If the maintenance award is not deductible for federal income tax purposes by thepayor and not taxable income to the recipient, the amount of maintenance under the advisory guidelines for parties with a combined monthly adjusted gross income of ten thousand dollars or less is equal to eighty percent of the amount calculated pursuant to subsection (3)(b)(I)(A) of this section.
If the maintenance award is not deductible for federal income tax purposes by thepayor spouse and not taxable income to the recipient spouse, the amount of maintenance under the advisory guidelines for parties with a combined monthly adjusted gross income of more than ten thousand dollars but not more than twenty thousand dollars is equal to seventy-five percent of the amount calculated pursuant to subsection (3)(b)(I)(A) of this section.
(II) (A) The advisory term of maintenance under the guidelines, calculated in whole months, for marriages of at least three years but not more than twenty years, is set forth in the table contained in subsection (3)(b)(II)(B) of this section. When the duration of the parties' marriage exceeds twenty years, the court may award maintenance for a specified term of years or for an indefinite term, but the court shall not specify a maintenance term that is less than the maintenance term under the guidelines for a twenty-year marriage without making specific findings that support a reduced term of maintenance.
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(c) Factors affecting the amount and term of maintenance. In any proceeding for maintenance, the court shall consider all relevant factors, including but not limited to:
The financial resources of the recipient spouse, including the actual or potential income from separate or marital property or any other source and the ability of the recipient spouse to meet his or her needs independently;
The financial resources of the payor spouse, including the actual or potential incomefrom separate or marital property or any other source and the ability of the payor spouse to meet his or her reasonable needs while paying maintenance;
The lifestyle during the marriage;
The distribution of marital property, including whether additional marital propertymay be awarded to reduce or alleviate the need for maintenance;
Both parties' income, employment, and employability, obtainable through reasonablediligence and additional training or education, if necessary, and any necessary reduction in employment due to the needs of an unemancipated child of the marriage or the circumstances of the parties;
Whether one party has historically earned higher or lower income than the incomereflected at the time of permanent orders and the duration and consistency of income from overtime or secondary employment;
The duration of the marriage;
The amount of temporary maintenance and the number of months that temporarymaintenance was paid to the recipient spouse;
The age and health of the parties, including consideration of significant health careneeds or uninsured or unreimbursed health care expenses;
Significant economic or noneconomic contribution to the marriage or to the economic, educational, or occupational advancement of a party, including but not limited to completing an education or job training, payment by one spouse of the other spouse's separate debts, or enhancement of the other spouse's personal or real property;
Whether the circumstances of the parties at the time of permanent orders warrantthe award of a nominal amount of maintenance in order to preserve a claim of maintenance in the future;
Whether the maintenance is deductible for federal income tax purposes by the payor and taxable income to the recipient, and any adjustments to the amount of maintenance to equitably allocate the tax burden between the parties; and
Any other factor that the court deems relevant.
After considering the provisions of this section and making the required findings offact, the court shall award maintenance only if it finds that the spouse seeking maintenance lacks sufficient property, including marital property apportioned to him or her, to provide for his or her reasonable needs and is unable to support himself or herself through appropriate employment or is the custodian of a child whose condition or circumstances make it inappropriate for the spouse to be required to seek employment outside the home.
The maintenance guidelines set forth in paragraph (b) of this subsection (3) do notcreate a presumptive amount or term of maintenance. The court has discretion to determine the award of maintenance that is fair and equitable to both parties based upon the totality of the circumstances. The court shall make specific written or oral findings in support of the amount and term of maintenance awarded pursuant to this section or an order denying maintenance.
The court may award additional marital property to the recipient spouse or otherwiseadjust the distribution of marital property or debt to alleviate the need for maintenance or to reduce the amount or term of maintenance awarded.
The court may reserve jurisdiction to establish, review, or modify an award of maintenance at a later date pursuant to the provisions of this section by setting forth:
The reasons for reserving jurisdiction;
The ascertainable future event that forms the basis for reserving jurisdiction; and
A reasonably specific time within which maintenance may be considered pursuantto this section.
The court may award maintenance in short-term marriages, including marriages ofless than three years in duration, when, given the circumstances of the parties, the distribution of marital property is insufficient to achieve an equitable result. In determining the award of maintenance, the court may consider the maintenance guidelines and the relevant factors affecting the amount and term of maintenance set forth in this subsection (3). The court shall make written or oral findings pursuant to paragraph (e) of this subsection (3).
Nothing in this section prohibits an award of maintenance in gross.
(3.5) Combined annual adjusted gross income in excess of advisory guideline amount. If the parties' combined annual adjusted gross income exceeds two hundred forty thousand dollars, the calculation methodology described in subsection (3)(b)(I) of this section for determining the advisory guideline amount of maintenance does not apply, and the court shall instead consider the factors set forth in subsection (3)(c) of this section in determining the amount of maintenance. The court may consider the advisory guideline term of maintenance set forth in subsection (3)(b)(II) of this section.
(4) Temporary maintenance. (a) (I) In every proceeding for dissolution of marriage, legal separation, or declaration of invalidity where temporary maintenance is requested by a party, the court may award a monthly amount of temporary maintenance pursuant to the provisions of subsection (3) of this section that are relevant to a determination of temporary maintenance.
The guideline term of maintenance set forth in subparagraph (II) of paragraph (b) ofsubsection (3) of this section does not apply to temporary maintenance orders. The court shall determine the term for payment of temporary maintenance.
In addition to the relevant factors set forth in paragraph (c) of subsection (3) of thissection, the court shall consider any additional factors specific to the determination of temporary maintenance, including the payment of family expenses and debts.
After determining the amount of temporary maintenance pursuant to this subsection(4) and the amount of temporary child support pursuant to section 14-10-115, the court shall consider the respective financial resources of each party and determine the temporary payment of marital debt and the temporary allocation of marital property.
A determination of temporary maintenance does not prejudice the rights of eitherparty at permanent orders.
(5) Modification or termination of maintenance. (a) Except upon written agreement of the parties, an award of maintenance entered pursuant to this section may be modified or terminated pursuant to the provisions of section 14-10-122. The court may consider the guideline amount and term of maintenance and the statutory factors set forth in subsection (3) of this section only in a modification or termination proceeding concerning a maintenance award entered on or after January 1, 2014.
The enactment of this section does not constitute a substantial and continuing changeof circumstance for purposes of modifying maintenance orders entered before January 1, 2014.
The enactment of the December 2017 "Tax Cuts and Jobs Act", Pub.L. 115-97, federal tax legislation, does not constitute a substantial and continuing change of circumstance for purposes of modifying maintenance orders entered prior to the effective date of that law.
(6) Security for the payment of maintenance. (a) The court may require the payor spouse to provide reasonable security for the payment of maintenance in the event of the payor spouse's death prior to the end of the maintenance term.
(b) Reasonable security may include, but need not be limited to, maintenance of life insurance for the benefit of the recipient spouse. In entering an order to maintain life insurance, the court shall consider:
The age and insurability of the payor spouse;
The cost of the life insurance;
The amount and term of the maintenance;
Whether the parties carried life insurance during the marriage;(V) Prevailing interest rates at the time of the order; and (VI) Other obligations of the payor spouse.
(c) Orders to maintain security may be modified or terminated pursuant to section 14-10122.
(7) Maintenance agreements - waiver - unrepresented parties. (a) Either or both of the parties may agree in writing or orally in court to waive maintenance consistent with the provisions of section 14-10-112. The parties may also agree to waive maintenance in a premarital agreement or marital agreement consistent with the provisions of the "Uniform Premarital and Marital Agreements Act", created in part 3 of article 2 of this title. The enforceability of maintenance provisions in a premarital agreement or marital agreement is determined pursuant to the provisions of section 14-2-309.
(b) In any proceeding that falls within the maintenance guidelines set forth in subsection (3) of this section, at the time of either temporary orders or permanent orders, if either party is not represented by an attorney, the court shall not approve an agreement waiving maintenance or agreeing to an amount or term of maintenance that does not follow the maintenance guidelines unless the unrepresented party has indicated that he or she is aware of the maintenance guidelines pursuant to this section.
(8) Definitions. As used in this section, unless the context otherwise requires:
(a) (I) "Adjusted gross income" means gross income as defined in subsection (8)(c) of this section, less preexisting court-ordered child support obligations actually paid by a party, preexisting court-ordered alimony or maintenance obligations actually paid by a party, as adjusted, if applicable, pursuant to subsection (8)(a)(III) of this section, and the adjustment to a party's income as determined pursuant to section 14-10-115 (6)(b) for any children who are not children of the marriage for whom the party has a legal responsibility to support.
For purposes of this subsection (8)(a), "income" means the actual gross income of aparty, if employed to full capacity, or potential income, if unemployed or underemployed.
(A) For purposes of this subsection (8)(a), if the preexisting court-ordered alimonyor maintenance obligations actually paid by a party are deductible for federal income tax purposes by that party, then the full amount of alimony or maintenance actually paid must be deducted from that party's gross income.
(B) If the preexisting court-ordered alimony or maintenance obligations actually paid by a party are not deductible for federal income tax purposes by that party, then the amount of preexisting court-ordered alimony or maintenance that is deducted from that party's gross income is the amount actually paid by that party multiplied by 1.25.
"Duration of marriage" means the number of whole months, beginning from the firstday of the month following the date of the parties' marriage until the date of decree or the date of the hearing on disposition of property if such hearing precedes the date of the decree.
(I) "Gross income" means income from any source and includes, but is not limited to:
Income from salaries;
Wages, including tips declared by the individual for purposes of reporting to thefederal internal revenue service or tips imputed to bring the employee's gross earnings to the minimum wage for the number of hours worked, whichever is greater;
Commissions;
Payments received as an independent contractor for labor or services, which payments must be considered income from self-employment;
Bonuses;
Dividends;
Severance pay;
Pension payments and retirement benefits actually received that have not previouslybeen divided as property in this action, including but not limited to those paid pursuant to articles 51, 54, 54.5, and 54.6 of title 24, C.R.S., and article 30 of title 31, C.R.S.;
Royalties;
Rents;
Interest;
Trust income and distributions;
Annuity payments;
Capital gains;
Any moneys drawn by a self-employed individual for personal use that are deductedas a business expense, which moneys must be considered income from self-employment;
Social security benefits, including social security benefits actually received by a party as a result of the disability of that party;
Workers' compensation benefits;
Unemployment insurance benefits;
Disability insurance benefits;
Funds held in or payable from any health, accident, disability, or casualty insuranceto the extent that such insurance replaces wages or provides income in lieu of wages;
Monetary gifts;
Monetary prizes, excluding lottery winnings not required by the rules of the Colorado lottery commission to be paid only at the lottery office;
Income from general partnerships, limited partnerships, closely held corporations,or limited liability companies; except that, if a party is a passive investor, has a minority interest in the company, and does not have any managerial duties or input, then the income to be recognized may be limited to actual cash distributions received;
Expense reimbursements or in-kind payments received by a party in the course ofemployment, self-employment, or operation of a business if they are significant and reduce personal living expenses;
Alimony or maintenance received pursuant to a preexisting court order with a payorwho is not a party to the action, as adjusted, if applicable, pursuant to subsection (8)(c)(VI) of this section; and
Overtime pay, only if the overtime is required by the employer as a condition ofemployment.
(II) "Gross income" does not include:
Child support payments received;
Benefits received from means-tested public assistance programs, including but notlimited to assistance provided under the Colorado works program, as described in part 7 of article 2 of title 26, C.R.S., supplemental security income, food stamps, and general assistance;
Income from additional jobs that result in the employment of the obligor more thanforty hours per week or more than what would otherwise be considered to be full-time employment;
Social security benefits received by a parent on behalf of a minor child as a result ofthe death or disability of a parent or stepparent; and
Earnings or gains on retirement accounts, including individual retirement accounts;except that such earnings or gains shall not be included as income unless a party takes a distribution from the account. If a party may take a distribution from the account without being subject to a federal tax penalty for early distribution and the party chooses not to take a distribution, the court may consider the distribution that could have been taken in determining the party's gross income.
(III) (A) For income from self-employment, rent, royalties, proprietorship of a business, or joint ownership of a partnership or closely held corporation, "gross income" equals gross receipts minus ordinary and necessary expenses, as defined in sub-subparagraph (B) of this subparagraph (III), required to produce such income.
(B) "Ordinary and necessary expenses", as used in sub-subparagraph (A) of this subparagraph (III), does not include amounts allowable by the internal revenue service for the accelerated component of depreciation expenses or investment tax credits or any other business expenses determined by the court to be inappropriate for determining gross income for purposes of calculating maintenance.
If a party is voluntarily unemployed or underemployed, maintenance shall be calculated based on a determination of potential income; except that a determination of potential income shall not be made for a party who is physically or mentally incapacitated or is caring for a child under the age of thirty months for whom the parties owe a joint legal responsibility or for an incarcerated parent sentenced to one year or more.
For the purposes of this section, a party shall not be deemed "underemployed" if:
The employment is temporary and is reasonably intended to result in higher incomewithin the foreseeable future; or
The employment is a good faith career choice; or
The party is enrolled in an educational program that is reasonably intended to resultin a degree or certification within a reasonable period of time and that will result in a higher income, so long as the educational program is a good faith career choice.
(VI) For purposes of subsection (8)(c)(I)(Y) of this section, if alimony or maintenance received by a party pursuant to a preexisting court order is taxable income to that party for federal income tax purposes, then the actual amount of alimony or maintenance received is included in that party's gross income. If the alimony or maintenance received by a party pursuant to a preexisting court order is not taxable income to that party for federal income tax purposes, then the amount of alimony or maintenance that is included in that party's gross income is the amount of alimony or maintenance received multiplied by 1.25.
(9) Application. The provisions of this section apply only to actions in which a petition for dissolution of marriage, legal separation, or declaration of invalidity, or an action for the initial establishment of maintenance is filed on or after January 1, 2014. Actions filed before January 1, 2014, are determined pursuant to the provisions of this section as it existed at the time of the filing of the action.
Source: L. 71: R&RE, p. 526, § 1. C.R.S. 1963: § 46-1-14. L. 79: (2)(b) amended, p. 644, § 1, effective July 1. L. 98: (2)(a) amended, p. 1397, § 41, effective February 1, 1999. L.
2001: Entire section amended, p. 481, § 1, effective July 1. L. 2007: (2)(b)(IV)(A) amended, p. 107, § 2, effective March 16. L. 2013: Entire section R&RE, (HB 13-1058), ch. 176, p. 639, § 1, effective January 1, 2014. L. 2014: (9) amended, (HB 14-1379), ch. 307, p. 1300, § 1, effective May 31. L. 2015: (7)(a) amended, (SB 15-264), ch. 259, p. 951, § 36, effective August 5. L. 2016: (8)(a)(I) amended, (HB 16-1165), ch. 157, p. 497, § 10, effective January 1, 2017. L. 2018: (1)(c), (3)(a)(I)(C), (3)(a)(I)(D), IP(3)(b), (3)(b)(I), (3)(b)(II)(A), (3)(c)(XI), (3)(c)(XII), (8)(a), and (8)(c)(I)(Y) amended and (3)(a)(I)(E), (3)(c)(XIII), (3.5), (5)(c), and (8)(c)(VI) added, (HB 18-1385), ch. 251, p. 1543, § 1, effective August 8.
Editor's note: For purposes of subsection (3)(b), the uppermost limits of the schedule of basic child support obligations were changed by House Bill 13-1209 from an annual combined adjusted gross income of $240,000 to an annual combined adjusted gross income of $360,000, effective January 1, 2014. (See § 14-10-115 (7).)